Bhumi Raj Sharma
Central Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

D. Parajuli
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal. & Student Welfare and Sports Directorate, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44613, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Nunu Lal Sahu
Central Department of Physics, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. & Department of Physics Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus (Tribhuvan University), Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Amar Prasad Yadav
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Dipak Kumar Gupta
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Armila Nyachhyon Rajbhandari
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

DOI https://doi.org/10.33889/PMSL.2026.5.2.026

  ;

Abstract

Porous activated carbon derived from waste buffalo and goat bones was explored for aqueous supercapacitor electrodes using H₃PO₄ as an activating chemical. Among several prepared samples with impregnation ratios 1:1 – 1:3 and carbonization from 400 °C to 600 °C, buffalo bone-derived carbon (BBAC-2-500) exhibited a higher specific surface area of 1724 m² g⁻¹. Goat bone-derived carbon (GBAC-3-600) showed a surface area of 1119 m² g⁻¹. Raman analysis found slightly higher defect density, and FTIR revealed a greater amount of oxygen bonding functional groups in BBAC-2-500. XRD confirmed that both materials were amorphous, with a minor structural ordering in GBAC-3-600. BBAC-2-500 delivered a specific capacitance of 280 F g⁻¹ in 6 M KOH electrolyte at 1 A g⁻¹ and an energy density (ED) of 14 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density (PD) of 300 W kg⁻¹. GBAC-3-600 achieved 236 F g⁻¹ and 11.8 Wh kg⁻¹ under the same conditions. The BBAC-2-500 electrode retained 96.87% capacitance after 10,000 cycles and 99.11% coulombic efficiency. These findings demonstrate that the combined effects of precursor selection and activation conditions govern the electrochemical performance of bone-derived carbon electrodes.

Keywords- Buffalo/Goat Bone, Waste biomass, Nanoporous carbon, Energy storage, Electrode materials.

Citation

Sharma, B. R., Parajuli, D., Sahu, N. L., Yadav, A. P., Gupta, D. K., & Rajbhandari, A. N. (2026). Waste Bovid (Buffalo & Goat) Bone-Derived H₃PO₄-Activated Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications. Prabha Materials Science Letters, (2), 486-501. https://doi.org/10.33889/PMSL.2026.5.2.026.